The More Effective ICT Management Education Essay

Nowadays, most schools are increasing involved in the usage of Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) in their instruction environment. The more effectual ICT direction is the more benefits that the pupils, the staff and the households receive from its ICT investing. West Moreton Anglican College is the school supplying move direction services to its pupils. The Information and Communication Technology section focuses on the more specific ICT degree that the pupils learn about ICT package usage, societal issues and scheduling ; evaluates and modifies the ICT ; Information Processing and Technology ( IPT ) and Information Technology Systems Programs ( ITSP ) to guarantee the emerging engineerings and future accomplishments of our society are met. The intent of this study is to supply the information about the systematic procedure of ICT direction based on the IT Infrastructure Ecosystem at West Moreton Anglican College. In fixing the study, the information is gathered largely from via electronic mail to interview the Information and Communication Technology Department, West Moreton Anglican College ‘s News, though information from the web sites and text edition was besides utilized. The analysis takes into history the administration construction, environment, nature, policies and its engineering. The information is presented in 3 bundles which are Management deductions, Organizational issues and Technology facets. The study is prepared based on the demand of IT Infrastructure Ecosystem of the West Moreton Anglican College and interpolation of the analytical procedure of why the Cloud Computing is of import for the College and what benefits the school could obtain from Big Data. As puting in its IT substructure, the College updates the current package and hardware, which are including a complete waiter refresh and migration to Windows 7 and Microsoft Office. The college starts to utilize the informations # 3 of Cloud Computing, it ‘s the clip to allow the pupils ‘go to the cloud ‘ , and the pupils could be able to entree their school assignments easy from their ain place Personal computer, West Moreton Anglican College ‘s Personal computer and their iPad ; that is besides convenient to the instructors to fix the lessons, whenever they want. Additionally, the College launched its ain iDevice App available on iTunes that gives pupils and instructors instant, unafraid entree to information including their timetable, day-to-day notices, appraisal and jaunt calendars and College events calendar. This session revisits cardinal determinations that were required to be made in order to back up this enterprise, hazards identified, obstructions, benefits to pupils and instructors and a expression toward the following few old ages of this on-going enterprise. West Moreton Anglican College launched the â€Å" Technology and Information Services Strategy † which are integrating Digital Teaching and Learning. The plan has been supported by practical, collaborative infinites utilizing Edublogs, Facebook and Twitter. The pupils can post their noticing about school. This could assist the school might pick up the issues and protecting the college ‘s repute and supplying a quality experience for the pupils and parents. 1. Introduction: Information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) becomes more of import portion of school operation exponentially. It is important that organisations know how to supply high-performance platforms for staffs work loads, schoolroom direction, information analysis, learning modeling and visual image, pull offing research, convenient cooperation between the co-worker, and coaction across multiple school. Most school usage ICT in their instruction environment, nevertheless they can non maximise the benefits to execute their concern undertakings expeditiously and efficaciously. I am traveling to place the West Moreton Anglican College sustainable usage the information and communicating engineering to accomplish the operating of instruction aims. This study is being produced to supply the information of how to heighten and use in the direction of its IT Infrastructure engineering, and urge a scheme to assist school program to leverage Big Data to accomplish its singular instruction operati on aim. 1.1 Background of West Moreton Anglican College: West Moreton Anglican College is owned and operated by the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane. The College was established on 31 January 1994, from an initial consumption of 225 kids development to about 1600 pupils ; the College has a staff of 104 full-time learning staff and 49 administrative and accessory staff ; and it is located on a semi-rural campus of 38 hectares in Ipswich. 1.2 The services of West Moreton Anglican College: Co-educational environment of West Moreton Anglican College consists of Senior, Middle and Junior Schools and Community Kindergarten, the college besides opens International pupils programme. 1.3 The mission of West Moreton Anglican College: West Moreton Anglican College ‘s mission to the pupils, harmonizing to the really first prospectus, is to develop the balanced, to the full rounded and motivated persons who can make their maximal possible intellectually, socially, culturally, physically and emotionally ; let each pupil to prosecute single excellence. West Moreton Anglican College besides promises to parents is that their kids will have a quality instruction at an low-cost monetary value. The College ‘s slogan is Faith, Knowledge, Service. 1.4 The Structure of West Moreton Anglican College: West Moreton Anglican College has a staff of 104 full-time learning staff and 49 administrative and accessory staff. The West Moreton Anglican College Council is responsible for pull offing the personal businesss of the College and supervising its concerns and public assistance. The principal, in concurrence with the school Council, makes the executive determinations that govern the school, every bit good as holding the authorization over the employment of instructors. The Principal has a Senior Administration Team of 12 members. They are Principal-self, Deputy principal, Head of Senior School, Head of Middle School, Head of Junior School, Business Manager, Director of Curriculum, Director of Technology & A ; Information Services, Director of International Programs, Director of Sport & A ; Extra Curriculum Activity, These section are support in the countries of course of study, human resource direction, installation direction, finance, and selling and development. As the College has three sub-schools ; every school severally set up of Head, Deputy Head and Receptionist. Head and Deputy Head direct staff with the support of five House Coordinators and single coachs. As the College is Christian Living, a Chaplain provides pastoral attention and nurtures the religion of the College community as a whole. The academic plan has offerings in Agricultural Studies, Art, RAVE ( Religious and Values Education ) , Drama, English, Health and Physical Education, Information Communication Technology, languages other than English ( Nipponese and Mandarin Chinese ) , Mathematics, Music, Science and Social Science. The ICT section of the College provide services to every section of the college. It is every bit important as its services cover the whole school.1.5 West Moreton Anglican College Strategy:Bettering the manner we do things and raising the outlooks of and criterions for our community. Supplying plans that are antiphonal to student demands, sustainable and optimise pupil accomplishment. Constructing a civilization of high pupil accomplishment Prioritisation and rationalization of plans to let for effectual resourcing to enable single excellence Keeping and prolonging a antiphonal and effectual pastoral attention plan Transforming our community through religion, service and acquisition. Empowering persons Making a sense of belonging – yesteryear and nowadays Bing unfastened to possibilities and unfastened to alter Integrating religion and societal justness Raising our repute and edifice relationships so as to increase registrations and beef up our community. Bing recognised in the wider community for our cardinal strengths Enhancing our links in the local community Increasing registrations to develop waiting lists Improved selling through ‘word of oral cavity ‘ Strengthening our holistic attack to instruction Expand our market incursion into Attracting, retaining and developing high quality staff. Developing staff who are advanced, committed and professional Improved communicating within and across the administration Strengthening our HR capacity Committedness to targeted, value-add professional development new catchment countries Re-engineering our work flows and patterns to derive greater efficiencies and effectivity. Credence by staff of increased personal and group answerability for efficiency and effectivity Improved client satisfaction through concern procedure efficaciousness Bettering engineering competency by College staff to run into the challenges of this precedence Supplying resources appropriate to our market places that are aligned to hold plans and precedences. All plans are suitably housed and resourced ( purpose built ) Facilities and resources match or exceed market ( client ) outlook Our beacon plans are showcased and acknowledged by the wider community All plans supported by appropriate, modern-day engineering Guaranting long-run fiscal sustainability. Debt reduced to degrees that allow for extra capital enlargement Appropriately resource the enterprises contained within this program Improved pupil results ; Heightened parent satisfaction ; Enhanced staff battle ; Long term fiscal stableness.1.6 The West Moreton Anglican College ‘s relationship with external entities:West Moreton Anglican College has strong support programme to the Australia Defence Families. The College has a Defence Transition Mentor who faces the pupils of Middle pupil and besides has a Defence passage Mentor who coordinates at Junior School. They assist Defence Families, peculiarly during passages between schools and during parental absence. As the West Moreton Anglican College is the largest supplier of Vocational Education and Training ( VET ) plans in Queensland, the College builds a steadfast partnership with the private sector, which allows pupils to take part in employment 1 twenty-four hours a hebdomad while deriving a nationally recognised making, typically Certificate II or III. This typical relationship with external entities is first-class tools to assist ease pupils have a smooth passage to full clip employment in an of all time altering environment.1.7 West Moreton Anglican College ‘s web site:www.wmac.com.au2. The IT Infrastructure:As the shared engineering of the elements, IT substructure provides the platform within a school ‘s peculiar information system applications. It enables instructors, pupils and school staffs to entree a broad scope of maps, services, larning tools and digital information resources which support instruction, larning and school disposal. IT substructure includes hardwar e, package and services. The whole College portions this engineering, which provides the maps for leaving the cognition, pupils ‘ information engineering ability preparation, and the school day-to-day service. Harmonizing to the text edition â€Å" Laudon and Laudon 12th edn p.206 † , the IT substructure of the West Moreton Anglican College is typically composed by seven major of interrelated engineering constituents.2.1 Computer Hardware Platforms:West Moreton Anglican College is taking the instruction sector ‘s engineering revolution by making an Australian first iPad app that places critical information at pupils ‘ fingertips. The current version of the WestMAC app provides pupils with instant entree to day-to-day notices, timetables, assessment calendars, jaunt inside informations and other of import College information. WestMAC Director of Technology and Information Services Tricia O'Keeffe said pupils are better prepared when they arrive at the College and are more likely to concentrate and concentrate in category as a consequence of holding entree to the app. â€Å" Supplying pupils and staff with instant entree to reliable, quality information translates into giving them the chance to do quality determinations, † Ms O'Keeffe said. She said the first version of the app was launched to pupils in early 2011 and the 2nd version, which introduces characteristics including on-line research databases, assignment assistants and cyber-safety resources, would be launched in the approaching hebdomads. Students in all sub-schools at the College – including Junior School ( Prep to Year 6 ) , Middle School ( Years 7 to 9 ) and Senior School ( Years 10 to 12 ) all have entree to the app and can entree it on their ain personally owned nomadic device. WestMAC pupils in Years 11 and 12 can entree the app via the iPad provided to them via the Federal Government ‘s National Secondary School Computer Fund as portion of WestMAC ‘s Mobile Learning Device Strategy. Students from Prep to Year 10 besides have entree to iPads during schoolroom activities. WestMAC Principal Geoff McLay said the College has embraced engineering as a agency of fixing pupils for the existent universe as they progress through their surveies and onto third instruction and employment. â€Å" It is critical that we provide our pupils with learning resources that equip them with the accomplishments and tools they need to win both during their school old ages and beyond, † Mr McLay said. â€Å" The 2nd version of the WestMAC app will further develop our pupils ‘ self-denial and clip direction accomplishments, every bit good as supplying instant entree to planetary on-line resources to heighten larning results, † he said.

New Jersey

The governor of the State of New Jersey is Jon Corzine. He is a Democrat and has been the governor since he took office on January 17, 2006.   The Governor of New Jersey is one of the most powerful governors in the nation.   This is due in part, to the fact that it is the only state wide and non-federal elected office in the state.   The governor, under the rights given to him by the state constitution, appoints the entire cabinet which is subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. Governor Corzine, a Democrat, took office after his predecessor James McGreevy was forced to resign after he admitted to having an adulterous affair and felt political and personal pressure to resign. On Election Day 2005, the governor was stripped of some of his powers as the citizens of New Jersey voted in favor of adding an amendment to the state constitution that creates the position of Lieutenant Governor which will become effective after the 2009 election. The power that the governor possesses comes from the state constitution of which that power comes directly from the people. The current constitution was ratified in 1947. New Jersey’s Governor Jon Corzine was born on January 1, 1947 in central Illinois.   He graduated from the University of Illinois at Champaign and went into the army where he stayed from 1969-1975. Governor’s keen business and fiscal talents comes from his decades working in various investment firms. â€Å"In 1975, Governor Corzine was recruited by Goldman Sachs, the New York investment firm. He left Goldman Sachs in May 1999 after successfully converting the investment firm from a private partnership to a public company. Also in 1997, Governor Corzine was the chairman of a presidential commission to study capital budgeting as a means of increasing federal investment in schools, technology, and infrastructure.† (www.state.nj.us) This background is important in knowing what type of governor he is and that he will not hesitate to move away from his party’s overall consensus when it comes to the task of balancing the budget. (as seen in the 2006 government shutdown). In 2005, after more than four years in the U.S. Senate for the state of New Jersey, Jon Corzine announced his candidacy for the governor of New Jersey. â€Å"Corzine won his campaign for the post of Governor of New Jersey with 54% of the vote. Republican nominee Doug Forrester, a businessman and a former Mayor of West Windsor Township, in Mercer County, won 43%. Corzine received 1,224,493 votes to Forrester's 985,235. A total of 80,277 votes, or 3%, were scattered among other candidates.† (wikipedia) The governor is directly elected by the people of his state. The governor performs the executive functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces as well as appointing members of his cabinet, judges and having the responsibility of presenting a budget that needs to be accepted by July 1 of the previous year. The election of Governor of New Jersey is much more important and has wider ramifications that say the election of governor for the state of Illinois for example. The main reason for this is that a vote for a gubernatorial candidate is also a vote for all which he is likely to appoint in his cabinet whereas such candidates for State Treasurer, Comptroller and State’s Attorney in the State of Illinois for example, are elected through a direct vote by its citizens. The Attorney General, State Treasurer, Comptroller and the Head of Education, to list a few, were all appointed by either Governor Corzine or his predecessors. As I am not a lifelong citizen of New Jersey but instead spent some of my adolescence in Illinois where its citizens had the right to vote for the candidates of these positions, it seems foreign to me that a governor would have so much power to appoint so many important positions. New Jersey’s state constitution seems to be giving a free pass to the spoils system that was fought so hard against in the 19th century in this country. The ugly side of political graft has plagued the entire democratic process in this country and has taken the people’s voice out of the democratic process. The governor should not have the right to appoint New Jersey’s State Treasurer, Attorney General or any other highly important positions in the state’s government unless that seat is vacated in the middle of a term due to an emergency. Doing otherwise takes the voice away from the people who have the right to vote for these positions.   Also, failing to do so, helps breed partisanship within the governor’s cabinet since a Democrat is more likely to appoint all Democrats as well as a Republican’s inclination to do the same. If a governor’s cabinet is to be all Democrat, all Republican, or a mixture of both, it should be up to the more than eight million residents of New Jersey and not a single man! This same ideology needs to be enacted regarding the governor’s ability to appoint judges. In Illinois, judges are appointed by the people. Isn’t that what ought to happen in a democracy, at least on the state and local level? I would even be in favor of the appointment of judges being the responsibility of the state legislature instead of the governor alone as a lesser evil. Currently, it seems to be a one party system in New Jersey and with New Jersey being one of the most diverse states in the country: Diverse by way of racial, religious and political affiliation, such a setup seems to be disadvantageous towards the goal of complete representation of New Jersey’s citizens. This high level of diversity should be representative from the governor on down but sadly it is not. This is not to blame the governor for he/she is inclined to appoint members of their own party. What is alarming is the number of appointments the governor of New Jersey is allowed to make under the current state constitution. The role of the governor is not only to appoint a cabinet but to submit a budget for the upcoming fiscal year.   The deadline to do this in July 1st. Incidentally, that was the same date as the start of New Jersey’s only government shutdown in the year 2006.   The New Jersey Constitution states under Article VIII that a state’s expenses for the year be provided for â€Å"in a single budget act.† The constitution also specifics a provision stating preventive measures against going into debt. A start to New Jersey’s troubles was ignoring this sound advice. Governor Corzine, in an attempt to pass his budget, came into conflict with fellow Democrats within the General Assembly.   The main point of contention was the Assembly’s refusal to increase the state tax from 6% to 7% in order to fill the budget gap. Corzine stated that there was no other way in coming up with the money as the state’s constitution forbade other forms of revenue. Months before the shutdown, Corzine states that he would not accept a budget that did not include a tax increase and he stood firm in this conviction and the General Assembly did the same which eventually resulted in the shutdown. When the budget failed to pass, the shutdown occurred. This resulted in 45,000 workers being told that they were non-essential and would have to stay home for an indefinite period of time. The shutdown lasted only a week but thousands of workers were affected by this shutdown.   Even though it seems more to be the cause of the legislature’s inability to act regarding the needed passing of the budget before the deadline, should a governor have the right to shut down the state government?   This is a hard question to answer and one that requires a bipartisan dissection of the problem in the long term and not just with the current players in my state’s administration. It seems that the power that the governor has in appointing judges, his cabinet and in shutting down the government is not his own but is a right given him by the state constitution. In the state legislature’s present state: fiscal irresponsibility, political corruption and a general disconnect by the state legislature from its citizens, it seems that the governor really had no choice but to use the authority at his disposal to help get the state back on track and to be held accountable for presenting a responsible budget to the people. But the more important issue is that a stoppage should never have occurred and therefore, Governor Corzine would not have been in the position to contemplate the need for a government shutdown. One really does roll the dice when voting for the governor of New Jersey.   Will he keep his political promises? Will he appoint members of his cabinet and judges that are concerned only with their responsibilities? Will there be any attempt at a bipartisan cabinet? And if the governor is not of the same political party and/or the same ideology as myself, then I can rest assured that my voice and my vote will have only a fraction of its effectiveness if I were in Illinois or any other state where the â€Å"elected officials† are just that-elected by the people to represent them. Also, the governor’s additional authority to appoint judges makes it even more likely that an atmosphere of partisanship will permeate New Jersey politics. There has been a great deal of talk about â€Å"activist judges.† I do feel that with judges being human beings and unable to be 100% impartial 100% of the time, the political party of a judge is something to consider and the likelihood that a Democrat governor will likely nominate likeminded judges and Republicans will do the same, results in a is a lack of stability in not only the state legislature but also in the way that laws and cases are decided. The possibility of a complete overhaul concerning the ideology of my state as a result of the governor’s power and a different political party possibly taking control every four years is something, I feel does not resemble a true democracy but instead serves as an impediment to the expectation that a person’s voice will be heard. Our governor, regardless of whether or not we are in agreement, has more political power than he ought to. Our founding fathers were weary of a political system that garnishes absolute power to its representatives and believed that absolute power corrupted. In the end, the power rests with the people and not until New Jersey has the displeasure of electing a governor who takes full advantage of the rights given to him by the present state constitution and uses it for sinister motives as did Huey Long in 1930’s Louisiana, will any of the needed change happen. WORKS CITED www.ngs.org (National Governor’s Association)   www.naag.org (National Association of Attorneys General) www.wikipedia.com www.state.nj.us/governor/about ; ; New Jersey New Jersey (NJ) is one of the states in the US that forms a transition between the states of the north and the south.   It exhibits characteristics in the physical geography and intermingling of various cultures of the US.   It is one of the largest states in the US and has a multiethnic community.   It has acted as a support home to several of its densely populated neighborhood.   The community present in NJ is highly urbanized and is the second most densely populated state after California.NJ remains to be one of the most densely populated states in the US.   All the 21 counties that belong to the NJ state are classified as ‘metropolitan’.   The density of the population has been about 1100 per square miles, compared to the nation average of about 79 per square mile (in 2000). The state concentrates on farming in some regions and for this reason it is frequently known as ‘the Garden State’.   As early as the 17th century, farming was consider ed important due to the agricultural potential of the soil.   In the Northwestern parts and the southern regions, the areas are sparsely populated due to the presence of mountains and tidelands in these region.   Typically, New Jersey appears S-Shaped on the map (the upper limb is formed by the Appalachian highlands and the Piedmont plains, and the lower limb of the ‘S’ is formed by the Coastal plains) (Stansfied. 1998, Swartz & Stansfield. 2007 & US Census. 2007).The land between the Hudson and the Delaware River is termed as ‘New Jersey State†.   There are three unique characteristics of NJ.   It is made up of a multi-ethnic community belonging to various races and ethnic groups.   The second unique characteristics are that it has an orientation of both the metropolitan cities that it neighbors.   Thirdly, people feel the NJ economy is based on the ability to reach the metropolitan cities, which it neighbors.   I do feel that initially NJ Sta te was much of a transition state, offering a place for people of various cultures and ethnic background to intermingle.There has also been a climatic transition between the northern and the southern US, and this has had an effect on the economy and the social life of the state.   The characteristics of NJ is somewhere between New York and New England (considering weather and geographical features).   The state houses some of the features that seem to intermingle with these two other states.   The Geology of NJ consists of the oldest rocks in the Appalachian and Piedmont regions and recent sediments in the southeastern regions.   The state of NJ hence shows a transition, as two different types of geological characteristics are present.   Besides, it has water sources concentrated in certain areas, whereas in other areas; the ground water is deep, leading to water problems (Stansfield. 1998).NJ has an area of about 7, 200 square miles.   On the other hand, the area of the US is about 3, 500, 000 square miles.   It has an inland water area of about 1, 026 square kilometers.   NJ State has a greatest inland length of about 166 miles, and the greatest inland breath of about 75 miles.   More than 125 miles is actually coastline (Swartz & Stansfield. 2007, Murray et al. 2007 & Stansfield. 1998).One of the physical characteristics of NJ State is that it is surrounded by water in all areas except the northern border, where it contacts New York State for about 80 kilometers or is about 12 % of the State’s land.   NJ belongs to the middle Atlantic region of the US and lies along the eastern coast.   The Hudson River runs along its border in the northeastern regions.   Pennsylvania lies along its western border.   The Delaware Bay and the Delaware River separate NJ from Delaware State in the southern and the southwest regions.The largest city in NJ is Newark, and its capital is Trenton.   Newark is one of the most important cities in NJ .   From here people can easily travel to New York using the river ferry or the railroad.   Trenton is located on the eastern side of the Delaware River.   It houses several government and civil quarters for the NJ State.   About 10 miles from Trenton is the town of Princeton that houses a major university in NJ.The Northern portion of the state contains the Appalachian Highlands and the entire northern regions contain mountains, ridges, streams and lakes.   This region is often known as ‘the New Appalachians’.   One of the prominent sandstone ridges present in the northeast is Kittatinny Mountains. This ridge contains the Delaware River (in the Delaware water gap).   The highest elevation present in the state is the Kittatinny Mountain that is at a height of 550 meters, present in a few kilometers with the border with New York State.   The average elevation of the state is 80 meters (Swartz & Stansfield. 2007, Murray et al. 2007, & Stansfield. 1998).In the Southeast of Appalachian Highlands, the Triassic lowlands and the Piedmont plains are present (the Piedmont plains lie to the east of the NJ Highlands).   It occupies about 20 % of the entire NJ area.   This extends from the Northeastern border and includes all the major cities such as Trenton.   From the Hudson region, ancient rock ridges extent, which break the monotony of the lowlands.   Between the highlands and the lowlands of NJ lies a valley that is highly populated.   This valley is underlain with limestone and sandstone, which is bright red in color.The other stones that are present in this region include conglomerates, shale, igneous stones, etc.   These parts of NJ State contain older rock system compared to the coastal plains.   The valley is located at a height of 120 to 150 meters and can be routed from the Hudson River, all the way to Alabama.   The termination portion of the Piedmont plains in the Hudson region is known as ‘the Palisadesâ₠¬â„¢, and is made of trap rock (Cloister Hill).   The Piedmont is about 30 kilometers wide.The valley also contains dark rocks known as ‘trap rock’ that was formed during the earlier geological ages.   This rock offers a wonderful arena for waterfalls in the region.   The sandstone in several areas has eroded and now appears as prominent ridges.   Some of the prominent mountains found in the Piedmont Highlands are the Watchung and the Sourland mountains.   The Piedmont lowlands or the â€Å"Newark Basin† forms the area where most of the major cities are located.   Through this region access to New York and New Jersey could be made.   In this region, three of the major rivers drain, namely, the Raritan River, the Passaic River and the Hackensack River (Swartz & Stansfield. 2007).The NJ Highlands is also known as â€Å"New England Upland†, as it is geologically similar to New England.   It contains several lakes of great tourist interest.   These include Greenwood Lake, Lake Hopatcong, Culvers Lake and Green Pond Lake.   The NJ Highlands occupies about 12 % of the entire NJ area.   The ridges formed in these regions are made up of an old rock known as ‘gneiss’.   The Musconetcong and Pequest River are formed in this area (Murray et al. 2007, & Stansfield. 1998).The Atlantic Coastal Plain, from the southeast to the coastal areas, occupies about 60 % of NJ area.   It has one of the world’s largest chains of sandy barrier islands, which are continuous.   It appears wedge shaped, which is thickest in the east-southeast region and thinnest in the center.   It has two portions, namely, the inner plain and the outer coastal plain.   The inner coastal plain or the â€Å"Greensand Belt† is located near the Piedmont area and has a size of 40 kilometers.Many orchards and agricultural homes are located in this region as the soil is very fertile and conducive to agriculture.   On the othe r hand, the land present in the outer coastal plain is very infertile and not very conducive to agricultural activities.   It forms the western rim of the NJ state and area where it meets with the ocean.   The outer coastal plain contains several hills, which are not more than 60 meters in height.   The outer coastal plain also forms several beaches, lagoons and marshes.   Several islands are located off the coast of NJ, some of which are inhabited and form popular tourist destinations.The ocean currents and the tides have an effect on the offshore islands and the coasts of New Jersey State. On several occasions tidal waves have had an effect on the New Jersey Coast.   In southern parts of NJ, the coastal plains contain high amounts of scrub oak and pine trees.   Several cranberry and blueberry plantation are located in several areas of the outer coast.   The Pine Barren is some of the vast forests located in the outer coastal plains.   A few settlements of people an d rivers are also located.   Many a times, the Pine Barrens of NJ seems to be a source for forest fires.The number of fires that have occurred since the 1940’s is about 1100.   About 8, 000 hectares is usually burnt every year through wild forest fires, much less than the 22, 000 that existed before the forest department began to use effective means of reducing these fires.   Most of the fires occur during the dry months of January to September periods.   Many of the important resorts and spas are located in the coastal plains.   The islands present close to the coast make harbor construction difficult.Many ships have met with accidents along the NJ coast due to the rough ocean currents and the shallow waters.   However, sheltered waterways are located which help to provide some relief for ships.   Portions of the NJ coast even have offshore sandbars and barrier beaches.   In parts of the northern NJ coast, the coastline is severely eroded (Swartz & Stansfield . 2007, Stansfield. 1998 & Forman et al. 1981).The islands, beaches, sandpits, etc, present along the NJ coast, are one of the longest chain in the world.   They run from the Texas region all the way up to the New York’s long island.   The islands of NJ coast seem to be dynamic in nature.   The ocean currents, tides, winds, waves, etc, have a dynamic effect on the NJ shoreline.   Many of the estuaries located off the coast of New Jersey form important beds for natural oyster shelters and oyster cultivation.   Several factors do favor the growth of oysters in the seabed including the tidal currents, the prevailing tides, eddies, prevailing winds (their force and direction), etc.   The larvae of oysters can help in regulating their own populations by rising and settling in the tidal currents.   In the NJ estuaries, the larvae do rise and settle in the tidal currents thus having potential to grow and develop along the coastal waters (Carriker. 1951 & Stansfield. 19 98).NJ State enjoys an extreme type of climate, with summers being warm and winters cold.   To the west of NJ, lies a huge landmass, which causes an extreme type of climate during winter and summer.   The climate is produced as a result of its latitude (located halfway between the equator and the North Pole), thus in a position to produce distinct seasons.   The distance from the season and the height above sea level also has a role to play in the development of climate of NJ.   During the summer, the moist tropical winds bring in hot air causing temperatures to rise and humid conditions to exist.   During winter, the continental winds bring in freezing temperatures and causing snowfall in several regions.The sea tends to retain the heat for greater amount of time during the day.   Hence during the night, the sea breezes tend to cool the land.   During the day, there is a strong sea breeze, which tends to cool the land.   The average rainfall received by the state is more than 1000 per annum.   The southwest regions of the state receive lower rainfall compared to other regions.   In January, the average temperature in NJ State is about 1 degree centigrade and in July, one of the hottest months, the average temperature is about 23 degrees centigrade.   However, extreme temperature have also been recorded, suggesting that at times the temperature can rise or fall to varying degrees.   In the winter of 1904, the temperature once dipped to – 37 degree and in the summer of 1936, the temperature once rose to 43 degrees.Due to the extremes of temperatures recorded in the Piedmont regions, seedlings do not become established within a year.   They begin to get established after two or more years.   Trees tend to invade areas occupied by herbs and shrubs.   During winter, the free-thaw cycles occur which hinders the establishment of the tree seedlings.   In portion of the Northwestern regions of the state, seasons last for about th ree to four months.   However, in some of the southwestern regions, the seasons last for about 8 months.Towards, the coastline, the climates tend to be less of an extreme.   Hence, during summer, these places stay cooler than those inlands, and in winter they tend to stay warmer.   Many people consider the NJ climate to be variable during various seasons of the year (Swartz & Stansfield. 2007, Stansfield. 1998 & Buell. 1971).Thus, I do feel that NJ State offers variables in terms of geography, climate and landforms, compared to any other parts of the world.   This has caused a diverse flora and fauna to exist in the region.   Besides, it also forms a home to many people who would like to visit New York and the Philadelphia region.   This has resulted in the population of NJ to be high compared to the other parts of the US.References:C. A. Stansfield. A Geography of New Jersey. 2nd Ed. Rutgers University Press, 1998.  Hugh Murray, William Wallace, Robert Jameson et al. The Encyclopà ¦dia of Geography: Comprising a Complete Description of the Earth.. New York: Carey, Lea and Blanchard, 2007. M. F. Buell, H. F. Buell, & J. A. Small, â€Å"Invasion of Trees in Secondary Succession on the New Jersey Piedmont.† Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 98.2 (1971).M. R. Carriker â€Å"Ecological Observations on the Distribution of Oyster Larvae in New Jersey Estuaries.† Ecological Monographs, 21.1 (1951).R. T. T. Forman & R. E. Boerner â€Å"Fire Frequency and the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.† Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 108.1 (1951).Swartz, J. & Stansfield, C. A. â€Å"New Jersey.† Microsoft Encarta. 2007.   3 Nov. 2007: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559873/New_Jersey.htmlUS Census Bureau. New Jersey. US Census Bureau. 2007. 3 Nov. 2007

To what extent did the end of the Cold War provide an impetus for the Essay

To what extent did the end of the Cold War provide an impetus for the United Nations to try to re-establish itself at the heart of multi-lateral action - Essay Example Of the many possible reasons behind these wars, two, which could easily be identified, are identity of the people and the distribution of resources among them (Harris & Reilly, 1998). To resolve these ethnic based wars is a big challenge for major actors in the international politics like the UN and for the international political and security environment. The end of the Cold War saw an expanded process of decision making in the multilateral organizations like United Nations Organisation based on multilateral mechanisms contained in the Charter of the United Nations.These were mainly to be used to reduce the actual number of armed conflicts . The periods since the end of the cold war also gave rise to new complexities. The Cold War had presented a fragmentation of the global strategic balance. Things were made worse by the bitter realities of the Post Cold War era which had a negative perspective to conflict resolutions and peacemaking. There was an over whelming baggage of leftover conflicts from the conflicted post war atmosphere and a need was felt to create the awareness of the importance of addressing these conflicts effectively through multilateral action and to address these difficulties of conflict prevention and conflict resolution. On another level this impetus can be labelled as being mainly based upon the political agenda of â€Å"democratisation and globalisation† of the world through multilateral agenda. This may involve the use of international law ,UN political resolutions and â€Å"peacekeeping efforts† to prevent another threat of Communist take over which was a major fear of the Western powers during the Cold War.My essay examines the extent to which this â€Å"impetus† is tainted by political agenda and economic interests in a critical right. The essay concludes that this impetus is not based mainly upon the â€Å"fear of another communist takeover† which is still a Western Nightmare but that there is a more profound

Case Study - Provide a network solution Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Literary review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Literary review - Essay Example t the rate of overall walking of the people who were new dog owners largely increased through gaining possession of dogs in comparison to those people who are non-owners. In addition to the augmentation of the physical activity of the dog owners the possession of dogs also is observed to transform relationships from single to courtship (Cutt, Knuiman and Korti, 2008). Selby et al (1979) notes that the act and practice of keeping pets like dogs and cats can be referred to as a set of best practice in that it helps in rendering shelter to the innocent animals from harsh climates and other vulnerable conditions. However in that the dog owners must focus that keeping of pets does not happen to disturb the healthy climate in the surrounding areas. It is often found that keeping of dogs as pets has resulted in the growth of dog population in the neighbourhood that in turn has contributed to polluting the region with bulks of faeces and urine. The owners of the dogs when consulted of such problems reflected less interest in neutering their pets. Large groups of non-owners refer that keeping of dogs only adds to social troubles like increasing both noise and environment pollution which is again opposed by the owner groups. However the best practices that stands to this end that the dog owners must enhance their focus on the behaviour and activities of th eir dogs and thus help in protecting the natural and social environment (Selby et al, 1979, p.385-386). Vidovic, Stetic and Bratko (1999) and McKee and McKee (2007) remark that children of the households both boys and girls reflect a growing association with pets like dogs and cats. In fact the children tend to regard the pets as their playtime companions by responding to their different calls and gestures. Again it is found that the tendency of affinity to dogs and cats increases for a girl child than that for boys for the girls whether in tender age or tending towards adolescence feel the dearth for companions. It is

Solar Energy Harvesting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Biomedical scences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

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Islamic center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

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Principles of logistics and supply chain management Assignment

Principles of logistics and supply chain management - Assignment Example Supply-chain management deals with regulating the relationships of the business with the stakeholders in order to enhance the quality of services at affordable prices throughout the supply chain. Effective logistics is the core requirement in the enhance customer satisfaction in the supply-chain process. The business should have a detailed coordination of complex operations that involve facilities, suppliers, and organizational publics. Understanding the background of the business environment is necessary as an initial process of principles of logistics and supply chain. The findings from the case study analysis help the concerned stakeholders to create proper recommendations and conclusions for future running of the business. This paper will focus on Kellogg’s, a national distribution center in the Pacific Asia region to analyze the business situation. Analysis of the business and key findings from the case study will help in answering the case study questions. Introduction A ccording to Murphy and Wood (2011, p.20), logistics is one of the primary requirements of a country’s economic growth. Logistics creates utility to goods and services, and in the process, it helps to satisfy human wants. Utility is the ability of a commodity to satisfy a given need or want. Murphy and Wood (2011) further identified four types of utility, which are possession utility, form utility, place utility, and time utility. These four types of utility must be organized to interact in the supply-chain process in order to create usefulness of commodities. Logistics activities add value goods and services, especially through time and place utilities. This makes warehousing an essential part of the logistics system, although warehousing is rapidly being replaced distribution centers. Supply chain comprises of people, resources, activities, and organizations involved in moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer. The management of a business strategically places the supply-chain elements in such a way that they can effectively transform raw materials, natural resources, and components into ready-to-consume products (Bowersox, Mentzer & Speh, 2008, p. 88). Supply-chain management is defined as the process of regulating, directing, and coordinating the stakeholders along the distribution channel to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in the transactions. Principles of supply-chain management include product differentiation, customization of logistics, proper market planning, product differentiation, strategic sourcing, adoption of a supply chain based on wide technology strategy and development of channel-spanning performance measures. The modern business arena is characterized by cutthroat competition where only organized and effective supply chain managers will survive. Proper management of supply chains requires businesses to adopt strategic processes such as agility, adaptability, and alignment in their distribution channels. Backg round and Business Environment The business environment has undergone massive transformations in the 21st century. The current market is not the same as the blacksmiths’ or artisans that thrived in the early 2oth century (Woolven, 2001, p.44). Barter trade existed during the commodity economy because there was any other way traders could have exchanged value for goods. There were not strict supply chains since traders knew where to meet and make transactions. The markets have grown and have become more diversified than

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay As a young child, I was attracted to sci-fi films because of exploration of the planets. Anyone, who has ever seen the television series â€Å"Star Wars,† will never forget the imposing space ships connecting planets, robot troops; dangerous battles in the space, and of course, two human-like robots. In the television series â€Å"Star Trek,† I really took part in adventures of the Enterprise spaceship to mysterious planets at the speed of light. These films gave me a question: â€Å"Can we create a machine having intelligence as human? The question is still haunting me, and becoming an computer engineering To indulge in natural science in my childhood, I became excellent in physics, chemistry, and especially in math. I had won three times in math competition, two in high school, and one in Tarrant County College. It seemed only logical that I pursue a career in computer engineering. In the realm of engineering, I have developed a special interest in the field of artificial intelligence and had taken a programming course. I was a technical assistant at Department of Automation and Robotics of Institute of Applied Mechanics in my country, Vietnam, I learned about its many practical applications, especially in relation to automation and robotic. It also helps me understand more about my major. Another particular interest of mine is theoretical physics. I am attracted by philosophy of physics, theoretical physics, Eastern philosophy ideologies about structure of the universe, similarities between meditator and scientists. Later I would like to work in the area of research and development for industry. It is in research and development that I will make the greatest contribution, utilizing my theoretical background and creativity as a scientist. As Sun Tzu said â€Å"A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step,† being admitted to SEO program is not only a good single step to begin my journey, but also the greatest chance for me to open the door of graduate school. The program will help me to gain practical experiences. It also gives me ideas what reality needs, so that I will have better direction to pursue in my professional goals.

Managing Change At Sainsburys In Todays Economy Management Essay

Managing Change At Sainsburys In Todays Economy Management Essay Today world business is changing rapidly cause of changing in environment, changing in customer demand, change in political and economic front. There is tight competition also affect change. Change also changing with respect of situation and demand of change. Change gives future vision and without change we cannot getting better opportunity. Change is intact in today world. Sainsburys is longest standing major food retailing chain in the United Kingdoms. Their supermarket offers 30,000 products, 50% of which are Sainsburys own brand. Sainsburys success depends in wide range of quality food and grocery products, many stores offers meat and fish counters, pharmacies, coffee shop, restaurant and gas stations. Sainsburys need change in HR training system. I observe that employee of Sainsburys get training normally in the store. I would like to change training system by developing centralise training system. In this assignment I explain background to change in Sainsburys than I develop a system that involves stack holder introduction of change. After that I discuss merits and demerits of system which is use for change in Sainsburys. I use appropriate models for change in Sainsburys and finally, I implement change through this model. Background to change affecting Sainsburys Background to change that exist in todays economy Change management is plan, initiate, realize, control, and finally stabilize change processes on both, corporate and personal level. Change may cover such diverse problems as for example strategic direction or personal development programs for staff. (Oliver Recklies, 2003) Internal forces Human resource problems and prospects This problem is stem from employee perception of how they are treated at work and the match between individual and Sainsburys need and desires. The relationship between employees unmet need and job dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction is a symptom of an underlying employee problem that should be addressed. Unusual or high level of absenteeism and staff turnover also represent forces for change. Sainsburys might respond to these problems by reducing employees role conflict, overload and ambiguity and also by removing the different stressors. Positive change stem from employee participation and suggestions. Managerial Behaviour and decisions Excessive interpersonal conflict between managers and their subordinates is a sign that change is needed in Sainsburys. Both the manager and employee may need interpersonal skills training and the two individuals may simply need to be separated. For example, one of the parties might be transferred to a new department. Inappropriate behaviour shown by leaders, such as inadequate direction or support may require change in the response to these human resource problems. External forces There are four key external forces change demographic characteristics, technological advancements, market changes and social and political pressures. Demographic characteristics Demographic changes are occurring in the workforce of Sainsburys. Two key trends identified in this discussion were that: workforce is more diverse and there is a business imperative to manage diversity affectivity. They are to receive maximum contribution and commitment from employee. Technological Advancements Service organisation is increasingly using technology as a means to improve productivity and market competitiveness in Sainsburys. Companies, for instance, have automated their operation with computerised numerical control, which is used for mental cutting operations and computer aided design. Companies also use computer integrated services. This high technical process attempts to integrate product design with product design with product planning control and operations in Sainsburys. Centralise training system can develop by latest technology. Market change The emergence of a global economy is forcing Sainsburys to change the way they do business. For example, many Japanese companies have to discontinue their job for life philosophy because of increased international competition. To get competitive advantage Sainsburys can use centralise training system in department of HR. Social and Political Pressures These forces are created by social and political events in Sainsburys likewise harmful product selling give a lot of pressure to company. This pressure is being exerted through legislative bodies. Political event can create substantial change. Although, it is difficult for organisation like Sainsburys to predict changes in political forces, many organisation hire lobbyists and consultants to help them detect and response to social and political change. Bureaucracy in Sainsburys Bureaucracy is concerned with efficiency, with division of labour, with rigid chain of command, with clear distinctions and rationality. Job specialization Job specialization is the process to give particular task to the employee with limitation of performing activities. Strength Every employees of Sainsburys know their duty and area of contribution so all members of Sainsburys do specific tasks to achieve goal that given by company. This way employee gain specialisation in their job. It increases efficiency in work through repetition of job. Job specialization gives more and more expertise in work. Weakness To do repetitive work through employee can reduce overall productivity and it also prevents their knowledge and skill in Sainsburys. There is limitation to do work in employee choice. Employee got one part of skill rather than complete skill in organisation. Job specialization does not give training of all area of knowledge which reduces the confidence of employee to do other activities. Employment and career Strength It is necessary to appoint appropriate person to particular position in Sainsburys. Sainsburys have a wide range of learning and development available using variety of methods like workshops, activity and coaching training, workbooks at all. Sainsburys also recruit graduates because they need quick thinking innovators leading the business. Sainsburys offers promotion to the employee in the basis of their performance. Weakness Individuals throughout the Sainsburys are promoted to their level of incompetence and it can restrict the psychological growth of the individual in their job. Global changing environment directly effect on employment and career. Current economic situation shows that generation of new employment and career growth get harder. Rules and procedures Strength All employees know that what are Sainsburys rules and procedures which improve work efficiency. Strict rules on position qualifications and code of conduct, Sainsburys get proper information which is helps to achieve company objectives. Weakness With the help of rules give minimum level of acceptable performance in Sainsburys. Employee leads to individual and sub unit goals which replace Sainsbury objectives. It gives delay in work and employee cannot produce more productivity in work Alternative forms of organisational development Total Quality Management Quality is a difficult criterion to assess because it depends on the expectation of a product on services. Sainsburys may choose radically for qualities of their output apply Total quality management. TQM exist when the needs of the customers of Sainsburys may try to meet and communicate about these needs with its customer. Furthermore, all departments in Sainsbury need to aim for high quality, the back office departments included. Finally, quality is a continuous improvement project because quality can always be improved and it also depends on customer needs, which are frequently changing. TQM may be part of Sainsburys because TQM trough we can change in centralise training system. Kaizen Kaizen is Japanese export, and have been used worldwide. Sainsburys Membership is voluntary, and member are drawn from a particular department, No financial rewards are given for team suggestions, Members receive training in problem solving, statistical quality control and team processes, Their problem solving domain is defined by management, Meeting are held weekly, usually in company time, often with trained facilitators helping members with training issue and helping them to manage the meetings. Sainsburys may include quality improvement, quality enhancement and employee involvement. Kaizen may be part of Sainsburys, with the help of kaizen we can change centralise training system. Business Process re-engineering Sainsburys may report significant improvements in performance as a result of applying re-engineering methods. The fresh start, blank sheet approach ignores past history and current practice in favour of considering how best to structure of the Sainsburys and design work to meet the needs of todays business and customers. The process orientation also represents a departure from most traditional approaches to analysis Sainsburys. A process is simply a set of activities that delivers a product or a service to a customer. The customer of Sainsburys may be eventual user of the product or service, or it could be an internal customer the person or section responsible for the next set of activities in the overall process. BPR may be part of Sainsburys, we can use BPR to change centralise training system in Sainsburys. Learning organisation It is generally recognised that Sainsburys ability to learn is a key strategic weapon. They emphasised a range of activities that are all part of knowledge management. Learning is in its simplest form a process of retention of response patterns for subsequent use but it can also be active process of experimenting and understanding the reasons behind events. Sainsburys learning requires the institutionalisation and acceptance of knowledge spread again among the member through socialisation. Organisation needs tools for this institutionalisation process, such as communication channels, storage systems, knowledge sharing processes, storytelling at all. Sainsburys may one that proactively creates, acquires and transfer knowledge and that change its behaviour on the basis of new knowledge and insights. Learning organisation may be part of Sainsburys so we may change centralise training system with help of learning organisation in Sainsburys. System for involving other in process of change in the Sainsburys 2.1 system involve appropriate stake holders in the introduction of change A core element of the functioning of system is the interdependence between the component parts of a system. (Kelly, Ryan, Altman Stelzner, 2000) In this assignment I would like to change in HR training system and I would like to develop centralise training system in Sainsburys. To develop this system, I involve stakeholders like employee, customer, manager, line manager and management of Sainsburys. Advertisement Management give advertisement to aware about the change in centralise training system which can through employee, manager, line manager get centralise training. This centralise training will help to achieve company target and their own goal. Customers get benefit about services of Sainsburys. Advertisement is effective way to promote and get aware about change in centralise training system in Sainsburys. Employee, manager and line manager to make video add which can help to implement centralise training system in Sainsburys. Advertisement through employee, manager and line manager can aware about change in advertisement system. Print media Print media is very effective way to promote change in centralise training system. Quick turnover of newspaper is good medium to reach the customer. With magazine advertise can focus in on a specific target audience. Poster is more effective way of outdoor advertising. Employee, manager and line manager make printed paper of centralise training system change in Sainsburys. Customer can get detail printed paper. Print media through employee, manager and line manger look change in centralise system in Sainsburys. Training and development There are many problem also come forward when we introduce change so to introduce change in effective way training and development is require. Sainsburys all staff like employee, supervisor, line manager, manager need to require training to introduce change in centralise training system. Training gives more reliability toward change and it direct connected success of change. Training through employee knows benefits of change and how it directly affects the Sainsburys growth. Employee, supervisor, line manager and manager make centralise programme which help to introduce change in Sainsburys. Word of mouth The word of mouth marketing is most effective way to affect services business. Centralise training system in HR, this change involves employee, customer and manager. It is positive change in training system which gives credibility of the service. It can promote by employee can discuss about the new services of Sainsburys. It is the way to give common response from the target market. This is long term marketing method. It is more successful and cost effective selling tool. Word of mouth through employee, customer and manger hear or listen about centralise training system change in Sainsburys. Online Online marketing mainly possible uses the internet and World Wide Web. To introduce change in centralise training system company involve customer and all employee of Sainsburys. Customer and all employee make online report of change centralise training system in Sainsburys. Company use Sainsburys website to promote change in centralise training system. Sainsburys employee sends e-mail by their customer to inform new change in services. To use online classified advertisement through company reach to the people. Online through customer and all employee get online information about change in centralise training system. Meeting When employee, mangers, supervisor discuss the change in centralise training system in HR and try to find out effective way of change. It is only possible by organising meeting. Meeting through they can discuss the problems that arise to introduce change and how can we solve the problem and knows the different view about development of system. Meeting through employee can aware about change in centralise training system. Analyse and evaluate the system Advertisement Merits Advertisement helps to promote centralise training system of HR department in Sainsburys. Advertisement of change in HR system gives positive image to their customer, employee and manager. Advertisement through us can directly cover mass number of customers. Demerits Advertisement is expensive things because for advertisement need so many activities, planning and time in Sainsburys. If change is not properly promote than it gives negative feedback to all the stakeholders of Sainsburys. Print media Merits It has a general and wide appeal. It can be repeated as long as advertise desire. The effectiveness of advertisement can also be estimated. The life is such longer than life of a newspaper. The get up is more attractive and use of colours is possible. Advertisement is accessible to each class of the society. Because of large circulation, low cost advertising. Demerits It has a very short span of life. The use of colours is often not possible. Illiteracy is also affects the utility of newspaper advertising. Advance planning is necessary limited circulation of magazines. Repetitive advertising is not possible. Training and development Merits It will increased productivity and reduce employee turnover. It increased efficiency resulting in financial gains and decreased need of supervision. It will build a more efficient, effective and highly motivated team which enhance the companys competitive position and improve employee morale. It will give sense of satisfaction through the achievement of personal and Sainsburys goal. Demerits Training requires new investment, time, training programme, training place as well as trainee. Particularly in Training period, employee cannot work that who already was working for Sainsburys because they spend time on acquire training. Training and development directly effect on company financial. Word of mouth Merits Word of mouth is very important and long term marketing approach. It is also cost effective and time consuming. It gives more powerful effect to the customer and employee of Sainsburys. There is no need any kind of training and knowledge. Demerits Word of mouth sometime creates conflict between customer or employee and Sainsburys change. Word of mouth increase confusion about the change which does not provide evidence of change. It may give wrong perception of change in Sainsburys. Online Merits Online marketing is give visual and written detail of change in Sainsbury. It is time consuming and less expensive. It depends on online presentation of change in Sainsburys which give positive image to their customer, employee and manager. Demerits Online promotion through us cannot correlate all customer, employee and manager about change in Sainsburys. It only targets particular target group rather than all of them. Meeting Merits Meeting require discussion of change in Sainsburys with their employee, customer and managers. It is effective way to decrease problems as much and try to solve by meeting. Demerits It only focuses particular target group so we cannot get feedback of all to introduce change in Sainsburys. It require place to organise meeting and in meeting, cannot get clear feedback of change in Sainsburys. Implement model for ensuring on going change in Sainsburys appropriate models for change There are so many models available for change but Business process re-engineering and total quality management are more appropriate implementation model for HR training change in Sainsburys. Business process re-engineering When considering change, start with black sheet of paper and redesign from scratch. Second, advocate a process orientation to the analysis and redesign of centralise training system in Sainsburys. The fresh start, blank sheet approach ignores past history of training system and current practice in favour of considering how best structure of centralise training system in Sainsburys and design work to meet the needs of todays business and customers. BPR is not a context sensitive approach. The process orientation also represents a departure from most traditional approaches to organizational analysis. A process is simply a set of activities that delivers centralise training system to employee, manager and line manager. Employee may be the eventual user of centralise training system or it could be an internal customer the person or section responsible for the next set of activities in the overall process. This is potentially radical because it requires a horizontal analysis of work along an activities chain. A typical business process re-engineering project has four main stages: (1) Process mapping: draw a flow chart of centralise training activity sequence. (2) Identify moment of truth: decide which step are critical, add value and introduce errors. (3) Generate redesign proposals: streamline the process, avoiding duplication and overlap (4) Implementation: put the redesign into effect change in Sainsburys. Total quality management Total quality management means that the organisations culture is defined by and supports the attainment of customer satisfaction through an integrated system of tools, techniques and training. This involves the continuous improvement of organisational process, resulting in high quality product and services. To do it rights the first time to eliminate costly rework and listen to learn from customer and employees. Make continuous improvement and every day matter. Build teamwork, trust and mutual respect. Quality consultant Richard J. Schonberger sum up TQM as continuous, customer centred, employee driven improvement. TQM is necessarily employee driven because service quality cannot be continually improved without the active learning and participation of every employee. Thus, in successful quality improvement programmes, TQM principles are embedded in the organisations culture. Despite variations in the language and scope of TQM programmes, it is possible to identify four common TQM principles. Quality is a difficult criterion to assess because it depends on the expectation of a product or service. Organisations who choose radically for quality of their output apply Total Quality Management. TQM exists when the needs of customers of the organisation are heard and the organisation tries to meet and communicate about these needs with its customers. Furthermore, all departments in the organisation need to aim for high quality, the back office department included. Finally, quality is a continuous improvement project because quality can always be improved and it also depends on customer needs, which are frequently changing. implementation process and outcomes Unfreezing Sainsburys run training and development of LGV1 driver, warehouse shift manger, team manager and warehouse operation individually. There is no centralise training programme for employee so Sainsburys get difference in productivity. Sainsburys identify this problem and they do planning to introduce centralise training system with help of developing perfect training programme with the help of employee, line manager, manager and management. Sainsburys can use Business Process Re-engineering model for change in training system. Sainsburys can use special trainer to give training and with the all equipment which is necessary for training. Moving Sainsburys ready to implement centralise training system for employee. This centralise training system improve productivity of employee. Sainsburys can open centralise training different store so employee cannot get problem to take centralise training in Sainsburys. Sainsburys can make live atmosphere in centralise training place so employee can enjoy training. Centralise training through company get more efficient staff. Freezing Sainsburys implemented centralise training system after that Sainsbury can get feedback from the employee, manger, line manager and supervisor. Sainsburys gather review of centralise training system. If is there any problem or treat remain, Sainsburys can implement problem by identify solution. When Centralise training system is resolving the entire problem than centralise training system runs perfectly in Sainsburys. Sainsburys try to consolidate this centralise training programme. Outcomes Centralise training system give same quality of training to every employee in Sainsburys. Centralise training system will help to increase productivity in Sainsburys. Centralise training through get motivation in work. Employees of Sainsburys get confidence in job and do their best in job. It helps to improve managerial and leadership quality in Sainsburys. It will reduce conflict and problem of employee, manager, line manager, and supervisor in working environment. Sainsburys may achieve high quality organisation in the UK by using centralise training system. Conclusion Sainsburys is the larger retailer in UK. Sainsburys need to give better customer services in UK. It can be possible by better training programme and Sainsburys can use centralise training programme through every employee can get same training in Sainsburys. It will directly affect Company performance and productivity. With the help of centralise training system employee can get motived and employee best work can come out through training. Sainsburys knows to get better satisfaction in customer service can possible with the help of centralise training system. Centralise training system boost more confidence in employee.

Child Labor in Pakistan Essay

Child Labor in Pakistan Essay Child labor refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labor. It is the full-time employment of children under a minimum legal age. The practice of child labor is considered illegal by many countries and exploitative by many international organizations. (Child Labor at Distrcit Level, 2009)Child labor is one of the problems that occur as a result of the responses to the economic problems faced by vulnerable children. In most developed and emerging countries, use of children as labors is considered as violation of human rights and is outlawed, while some poorer and developing countries do tolerate and allow child labor. In Pakistan, a country where almost half of the population lives below the poverty line, child labor is deeply entrenched and pressing phenomenon. Child labor in Pakistan is prevalent in all sectors of the economy, thought it primarily exists in the informal sector of employment and home-based industry. Pakistans high population growth of around 1.6% poses multiple challenges and threatens to constrain limited resources and social and economic development of the country. According to the survey of Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) in 2002, the number of working children in Pakistan was approximately 3.5 million or 7% of the total workforce in Pakistan. However, the children under the age of 10 and those working in small and family businesses that are not registered with the government were not the part of the survey. So the actual figure is deemed to be much higher than the official figures. In Pakistan, children aged 5-14 are around 40 million. The survey conducted by UNISEF in 2003, estimated that 8 million children under the age of 14 are engaged as labors. Most of them are engaged as labors in brick kiln factories, carpet weaving centers, agriculture, small industries and domestic services. The survey also indicated that rural and urban ratio of child labors was 7:1. The province with most number of cases of child labor was Punjab with nearly 60% of the total child labor population. HISTORY AND IMPACT OF CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN Child labor has been prevalent in Pakistan in all the sectors of the economy, though it mostly exists in informal sector of employment and in the home based industry. In late nineties, the matter of child labor emerged as a serious consideration due to international exposure. In 1996, Pakistans Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto acknowledged the problem of child labor in the country and announced the plan to eliminate it. In his speech in April 1998, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif stated that the problem of child labor occupied a prominent place in the agenda of government of Pakistan. In 1999, Federal minister for labor and manpower, Shaikh Rashid announced a four point policy for curbing child labor in Pakistan. In Jan-99, government announced the draft of the labor policy. The policy envisaged that the government is committed to end child labor. It was also promised by the government of Pakistan in 2000, that the law to eliminate child labor and bonded labor at an economic level would be implemented in 2002 and till 2005; there would be no bonded labor or child labor in Pakistan. Even after so much regulations and promises by the government of Pakistan, the attempt has not been successful till now. Though the issue has received international attention and various organizations at international level like ILO and UNICEF are participating in the issue, still the improvement in this case is very slow. In eradicating and creating awareness against child labor in Pakistan many communities are having a stake. Some of these communities/autonomous bodies working for the cause are: Government of Pakistan Children Parliament Pakistan International Labor Organization UNICEF Other NGOs, Society and Media All the above government and private bodies are actively working for the eradication of child labor in Pakistan. The issue has been seriously addressed by the above bodies either individually or in conjunction with any other body. The role of each of the above mentioned body in the eradication of child labor in Pakistan is as follows: GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN: Government of Pakistan has been actively working for the eradication of child labor in Pakistan. Activities of government towards the issue have been gaining considerable attention since late 1990s, when the matter of child labor emerged as a serious consideration due to international exposure. In Jan-99, government announced the draft of the labor policy. The policy envisaged that the government is committed to end child labor. It was also promised by the government of Pakistan in 2000, that the law to eliminate child labor and bonded labor at an economic level would be implemented in 2002 and till 2005; there would be no bonded labor or child labor in Pakistan. Though the government has not been able to deliver on the promises made due to the increased political weaknesses in the company, still there have been continuous efforts made on their part. Government also identified poverty and lack of education for children as root causes for the child labor in the country. (Arshad)The present government in Pakistan has made elementary education compulsory for children. Along with that, the government has also made the policy of distributing free books in primary schools. This would help the parents, who cannot afford their childs education and school expenses can send their children to schools. Along with all of the above, the following laws are made by government of Pakistan to address the issue (Pakistan): National Child Labor Laws: In Pakistan a child is defined as a person younger then fifteen. The legal minimum age for employment of children is 14 for normal businesses and 15 for railways and mines. The constitution of Islamic republic of Pakistan prohibits forced labor, slavery, and employment of children below the age of 14. The government of Pakistan asserts that the labor inspectors are empowered to carry out regular visits to all employment places covered under employment of children act 1991 to check the compliance of the law at that places. Education Laws: Articles 37 (b) (c) of the constitution of Pakistan declares public policy to remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within the minimum possible period [and to] make technical and professional education generally available and higher education equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. Despite a law in 1962 requiring each province to designate areas where primary education is compulsory, none of the provinces have complied. As of now, the present government in Pakistan has made elementary education compulsory for children. Along with that, the government has also made the policy of distributing free books in primary schools. International Conventions: Pakistan is a party to ILO convention concerning minimum age of employment in the industry and UN convention for rights of the child. Through above legislatures and laws, and to some other timely regulations, the government of Pakistan is acting as an active community stakeholder in eradication of child labor in the country. Though in present scenario Pakistan is suffering through political weaknesses, but still government is committed to take the work one step ahead. CHILDREN PARLIAMENT OF PAKISTAN: The childrens parliament for Pakistan was launched on 14-Nov-08, by Society for the Protection of the Rights of Child (SPARC). The main aim of this parliament is to create awareness and promote child rights in the country. The members were elected from different schools of Peshawar, Islamabad, Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore etc. Besides providing basic rights to every child in Pakistan other objectives of this parliament are: End child labor Educate every child Provide medical facilities to children Protect the children In addition, children parliament serves as their voice to convey the difficulties and problems faced by the children to government of Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION: With the matter of child labor in Pakistan gaining international attention, ILO has fastened its steps to address the issues. ILO does timely surveys within various industries in Pakistan suspecting large amount of child labor. (International Programme for elimination of child labor)Based on the survey they come out with survey reports addressing the issue and recommending ways to deal with the situations. Some of the latest surveys conducted by ILO in Pakistan are: Survey on Child Labor in Kasur Tanneries in 2004 Survey on Child Labor in Glass Bangles industry in Hyderabad-2004 Survey on child labor in surgical instruments manufacturing industry in Sialkot Survey on child labor in coal mine industries in Chakwal, Noshera and Shangla ILO has also been working with the government of Pakistan guiding them from time to time on this issue. It is also acting as a watch dog, inspecting the ways in which government is addressing the issue. UNICEF: The name UNICEF needs no introduction. United Nation International Childrens Emergency Fund, a UN organization has consistently working towards the development of children in underdeveloped countries. UNICEF conducts timely surveys to see the improvement in the case. The survey conducted by UNISEF in 2003, estimated that 8 million children under the age of 14 are engaged as labors. Most of them are engaged as labors in brick kiln factories, carpet weaving centers, agriculture, small industries and domestic services. The survey also indicated that rural and urban ratio of child labors was 7:1. The province with most number of cases of child labor was Punjab with nearly 60% of the total child labor population. UNICEF also set-up centers in the Pakistan, helping destitute children get home. Pakistan is also amongst the countries that get funding from UNICEF to promote the steps in eradication of child labor. OTHER NGOS SOCIETY AND MEDIA: This is another group of very important stakeholders in the issue of child labor in Pakistan. NGOs like ACM Apostolic Charismatic Ministry and Child Reach International has continuously worked towards the development of children in Pakistan to eradicate child labor. Though the NGOs in Pakistan dont get proper funding from government of Pakistan neither from any corporate bodies, still the work they do in crating awareness and providing elementary education to children is quite appreciable. Society and media as a whole has a major role to play in the eradication of child labor in Pakistan. These two stakeholders are still dormant in the issue, but for the development of children in Pakistan society and media have to play a major part. Poverty levels in Pakistan appear to necessitate that children work in order to allow the families to reach their target take-home pay. The lack of economic opportunity for adult employment in Pakistan needs to be studied and taken under consideration; the government also needs strict to inspect the strict implementation of laws made by it. Lack of education is another reason for the high rate of child labor in Pakistan. Thought government of Pakistan has made policies for providing free elementary education to children, the policies need strict implementation to address the issue. Also, other stakeholders of the issue specially Children parliament, ILO, UNICEF, Media and NGOs have to work in tandem to create awareness for the rights of the children in the country. REFERENCES (n.d.). Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from www. unicef. org: www. unicef. org/ protection/ index_3717. html Ahmad, M. (2001). Child Labor: A time to reflect. In M. Ahmad, Child Labor: A time to reflect. UNICEF. Arshad, R. (n.d.). Child labor in Pakistan. Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.hamariweb.com: http://www.hamariweb.com/articles/article.aspx?id=91 Child Labor at Distrcit Level. (2009, Sep). Retrieved August 1, 2010, from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17333/1/MPRA_paper_17333.pdf H.Zaidi, H. (2004, Jan). Baseline survey report on child labor. Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.ilo.org: http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do?productId=5225 International Programme for elimination of child labor. (n.d.). Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.ilo.org: http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/searchProduct.do;?type=normaltitle=selectedMonthFrom=-1productYearFrom=selectedMonthTo=-1selectedCountries=342selectedMediaTypes=14keywords=userType=3selectedFieldOfficeId=-1resultPerPage=20selectedSortById=4 Pakistan. (n.d.). Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.dol.gov: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/sweat/pakistan.htm Population census organization. (n.d.). Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.statpak.gov.pk: http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_sex_ratio_growth_rate/pop_sex_ratio_growth_rate.html COMMUNITY PROGRAM TO ADDRESS CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN ABSTRACT Child labor refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labor. It is the full-time employment of children under a minimum legal age. The practice of child labor is considered illegal by many countries and exploitative by many international organizations. (Child Labor at Distrcit Level, 2009)Child labor is one of the problems that occur as a result of the responses to the economic problems faced by vulnerable children. In most developed and emerging countries, use of children as labors is considered as violation of human rights and is outlawed, while some poorer and developing countries do tolerate and allow child labor. In Pakistan, a country where almost half of the population lives below the poverty line, child labor is deeply entrenched and pressing phenomenon. Child labor in Pakistan is prevalent in all sectors of the economy, thought it primarily exists in the informal sector of employment and home-based industry. Pakistans high population growth of around 1.6% poses multiple challenges and threatens to constrain limited resources and social and economic development of the country. The paper designs a community program to address the issue of child labor in Pakistan. It identifies various stakeholders in the issue and based on certain strategies and programs, intends to bring an effective social change. The paper also addresses potential challenges in the way of eradicating the child labor in Pakistan and ways for addressing the issue. GOAL OF THE STUDY: The primary goal of the study is identifying the trends in the issue if child labor in Pakistan. Based on the issue, paper intends to identify various stakeholders of the issue. The aim of studying this is to a community program to address the issue of child labor in Pakistan. It identifies various stakeholders in the issue and based on certain strategies and programs, intends to bring an effective social change. The paper also addresses potential challenges in the way of eradicating the child labor in Pakistan and ways for addressing the issue. The goals had been made keeping in mind the resources available in Pakistan to bring a social change. Political weakness in the economy of Pakistan has also been kept in mind. The success of this community program depends upon the working in conjunction of the stakeholders of the issue. STRATEGIES TO BE ADOPTED In order to eradicate child labor in Pakistan both preventive and corrective strategies are proposed. Successful intervention models are also founded so that the change in knowledge would be easier to bring about, attitude change requires relatively longer time frame and finally the change in total mind set and behavioral change requires the longest time. Interventions are to be phased out in the time bound manner and change strategies are age specific and gender equitable. GENERAL AND POSITIVE ACTION STRATEGIES: The following general and positive action strategies are requires to be taken to address the issue of child labor in Pakistan: Change in attitude of stakeholders: Awareness campaigns, counseling sessions and advocacy workshops need to be geared towards parents for gaining their confidence and for raising their awareness about the ill-effects of child labor concerning their children. The campaigns and counseling would highlight the alternatives of child labor, including non-formal and formal education and apprenticeship. Parents would be educated about the benefits of schooling in terms of income and increased efficiency and guiding that child labor in many cases is futile with a very meager income associated with it. Similar services for gaining employers confidence would be arranged for building support for struggle in eliminating child labor. Carefully designed educational and informative conferences and/or seminars would be arranged to restore the self esteem and dignity of labor. Labor Department working with industry should work with missionary zeal in order to accomplish an eventual elimination of labor in a reasonable time frame. Poverty Alleviation: Numerous steps would be aimed at familys alternative income generation and poverty. Poverty alleviation would be addressed very seriously at different levels with the involvement of international organizations, various non-government agencies and Provincial, federal and district governments. The problem of child labor in Pakistan can be managed effectively only if the problem of poverty is worked out effectively, through income generation projects for society and parents and through equitable and fair access to safety nets such as zakat funds and other benevolent programs. Poverty alleviation efforts of provincial and state governments PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper) would coincide well with time-bound program endeavors targeted at phasing out child labor from the country. (Beig, 2004)The survey carried out by ILO in 2004 in coal mine industries in Chakwal, Noshera and Shangla revealed following figures: Chakwal: Category Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted Working Children 450 126 Parents 12 16 Employers 60 27 Total 522 169 Chirat/ Noshera: Category Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted Working Children 400 48 Parents 5 4 Employers 10 13 Total 415 65 Drop-out Survey: Category Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted School-going 150 250 Drop-outs 15 27 Parents 27 22 Teachers 40 38 Total 212 337 Formal Schooling, Non-Formal Schooling and Vocational Training: (Kulsoom, 2009)Poverty being major reason for majority drop-outs, provision of fee and subsidized education would be recommended at formal schools. Formal school teachers need to be trained to adopt child friendly teaching methodologies and attitude in order to reduce risk of drop-outs. Apart from the traditional program of study, training at non-formal educational schools should include vocational training health and safety education. NFE schools would be a really essential measure because to stop the supply of labor at source, alternative sources of productive engagement needs to be available with children. Quality of education will also be enhanced and it needs to be attractive and relevant to help reduce the drop-out tendency in schools. Issues concerning child labor, including information about the hazardous nature of child labor and gender biases needs to be incorporated into the educational curriculum of non-formal and formal schools for both male and female students. Occupational health hazards and safety measures: Till the child labor is eliminated totally, the culture of occupational safety would be promoted in all industries by raising awareness through advocacy seminars. These awareness-related advocacy seminars should be arranged at the worksites and at community level, would also be used for educating children about the ill effects of child labor and raising awareness about the value of education and its other positive alternatives. The Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) study undertaken by ILO in 2004 also yielded detailed insights on the same issue. In addition to seminars, group meetings and workshops would also be arranged on a sustainable basis for promoting norms and adopting preventive health measures. Improved Legislative Measures: Steps would be taken for enforcement of existing labor laws. Till the child labor is completely eliminated, increased protection to child workers would be provided upon the consent of the government against the violation of their rights and against unsafe industrial practices including child labor. High powered mystery clients would be requested to monitor adherence in safety standards along with labor departments and ILO monitors. PARTNERSHIPS AND CAPACITY BUILDING: ILO would be requested to build strategic alliances with Non Governmental Organization in Pakistan. ILO also need to consider alliances with consultation agencies working on child labor issues to use them as catalyst-facilitators, monitors and trainers in working towards the common goal of eradicating child labor and reducing its ill-effects. To rectify the problem of child labor, cross agency partnerships in Pakistan would be prompted till the operations are self sustained and fully streamlined. These partnerships would be supported by ILO and jointly partnered with government agencies in Pakistan and with relevant international agencies such as UNICEF, UN department for Assistance Framework (UNDAF) and other stakeholders like NGOs, Media etc. cost effective innovative transformations would be geared towards effective building of District level labor departments, Provincial planning, district governments and NGOs. The aim of training would be to i nculcate learning about a proactive work culture along with a missionary zeal in addressing the issue of child labor in Pakistan. MEDIA SUPPORT: Various media like T.V, Press, and Internet media would be involved in the broad-based awareness regarding the child labor issues, including vocational and formal education. Effective information, education and communication materials would be created and would be disseminated to press and other media in order to win their support and create awareness. Electronic media would be used later as an effective partner in the struggle against the child labor in Pakistan. Strategies will also be made to gain the confidence of electronic media through workshops, conferences and meetings. All the above strategies used for community engagement are based on the following model. Different Stakeholders that are involved in this program of community engagement are: Government of Pakistan International Labor Organization (ILO) United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Society, especially parents of the children UN Department for Assistance Framework (UNDAF) Non Government Organizations (NGOs) Schools and their staffs, especially teachers Employers Labor Union Media in all forms Children Themselves POTENTIAL CHALLENGES AND THE ROAD AHEAD Potential challenges in the way of making community engagement for eradicating child labor in Pakistan are: Weak Political and Economic Scenario in Pakistan: Pakistan is going through a period of weak political and economic scenario. So that will be the major potential challenge in making the community engagement because in an unstable economy implementing legislatures is a very difficult task. Also, making arrangements for funds in a weak political scenario becomes difficult because in this case government may not be ready to fund the program. For overcoming this challenge, fund needs to be raised from major corporate. They should be encouraged to fund the program as much as possible as the part of their corporate social responsibility. For implementing the legislatures, proper alliance needs to be made between Government bodies and foreign bodies like ILO and UNICEF who are already working for the cause. These bodies will help monitoring laws and legislatures formed. Poverty: Poverty is another major challenge in the effectiveness of community engagement in Pakistan. Most families send their children to work to reach their target take-away home pay. So making them understand about not considering the pay of their children as the major factor would be really difficult. To overcome this challenge, workshops would be held and proper counseling would be provided to parents about the harmful effects of child labor and benefits of elementary education for the future of their children. Attitudes of Employers, Parents and Children: This is another challenge in the effectiveness of the community program. In various industries children are considered as cheap labors. So changing the attitude of the employers about employing children by considering them as cheap labor would be difficult to change. Every business needs to be inspected at intervals along with counseling and advocacy meetings with employers to change the attitude of the employees. Same would be the problem with Parents and children. This would be addressed by showing the ill-effects of child labor and benefits of education. Though poverty levels in Pakistan appear to be a necessitate reason that children work in order to allow the families to reach their target take-home pay, effective community engagement can help raise awareness against the issue. The lack of economic opportunity for adult employment in Pakistan needs to be studied and taken under consideration; the government also needs strict to inspect the strict implementation of laws made by it. Lack of education is another reason for the high rate of child labor in Pakistan. Thought government of Pakistan has made policies for providing free elementary education to children, the policies need strict implementation to address the issue. Also, other stakeholders of the issue specially Children parliament, ILO, UNICEF, Media and NGOs have to work in tandem to create awareness for the rights of the children in the country.